Forty years ago on May 4, 1970, 4 students were killed and 11 injured when the Ohio National Guard opened fire on a students protesting the Vietnam war on the campus of Kent State Univerisy. The shootings divided the USA. Some wondered how a nation could treat its own children in this manner. Others unconditionally accepted whatever decisions were made by the National Guard. College campuses exploded with demonstrations and within a week 100,000 marched on the US capital to protest.

That day four families lost a child.

• Doris and Arthur lost their daughter Allison Krause. Laurel lost her older sister. On her tomb they wrote “flowers are better than bullets” because only a few days before she had placed a lillac in a friendly soldier’s gun barrel using those words.
• Louis and Florence Schroeder lost their son, Bill. Bill Schroeder was an ROTC student who had committed himself to 10 years in his countries service: 4 as a ROTC student, 4 as a full-time officier, and 2 in reserve.
• On the day of the shootings, Elaine Holstein, Jeff Miller‘s mother, was listening to the car radio as she drove home. She heard that four had been killed, never dreaming that one would be her own son. They had both been concerned about the tensions, and she decided to ask him to come home. When she got home, she called his fraternity and asked for her son. A boy answered “He’s dead”.
• Sandy Scheuer was simply passing through on her way to class when the bullets began to fly. Her parents were Holocaust refugees who had come to the US expecting to live in a state that would protect them.

Dean Kahler survived the attack but the bullet in his spine put him in a wheelchair for the rest of his life. In the years immediately following his parents struggled with overprotectiveness and he worked to overcome his anger at the loss of the use of his legs. Even with the anger, the shooting only served to strengthen his conviction that there must always be an alternative to violence and war. To work through his anger he became active in wheelchair sports and helped out with his school’s disability office.

The political allegiances that split the nation also fed the blame-the-victim mentality that so often affects the survivors of violent crimes. Along side many, many letters of support, Dean Kahler received hate mail. Some letters even wished he had died. Joseph Lewis, Jim Russell, and Robert Stamps, belonged to families that were certain that the National Guard was in the right. Their families responded to their injuries with anger and judgment rather than support.

But loss is only the beginning of the story. Kent State has turned into a historic event because the survivors found ways to turn their loss into both personal and social healing. Some worked to preserve the memory of what happened. Some fought to make the government accountable for its actions. Some saw Kent State as a symbol for deeper social problems and sought to address them.

In the 1970′s survivors fought all the way to the Supreme court to give families the right to sue the Governor and the National Guard (Scheuer v. Rhodes). Separate suits by the families were later united into a single suit, Krause v. Rhodes. Though the case was settled out of court in 1979, the judicial decisions along the way set new standards for government accountability.

In April, Alan Canfora (shot in the wrist) and Terry Strubbe (witness) announced efforts to reopen the investigation on the basis of a tape which allegedly has an audible “Right here, Get Set, Aim, Fire”. The government investigation in the early 1970′s had concluded that soldiers fired without orders, but the timing of the start and end of the fire – a tight volley of shots over the course of 13 seconds suggests otherwise.

During the first week of May, Doris and Laurel Krause, Dean Kahler, and Tom Grace (shot in the foot) and several other witnesses are participating in a Truth tribunal , modelled on truth and reconciliation commissions used to address government violence in Africa and South America. The proceedings will be documented by Emily Kunstler, daughter of the William Kunstler, the civil rights attorney that helped the survivor families in their 1970′s legal battles.

A 40 year battle for justice may seem extreme, but Joe Lewis, shot in the leg and stomach, puts it this way:

Many think it should be buried, and they tried to do that by building the gym. You can’t bury what happened. You have to live with it. not necessarily to dwell on it but go on with our lives and incorporate what we all have, or should have, learned that May 4.

The lessons learned from Kent state extend well beyond Kent State and well beyond the 1970′s. Mike Alwitz, a witness to the shootings, became an artist and has dedicated much of his life to painting peace and justice murals in urban centers and areas of conflict. The Kent May 4 Center, lead by Alan Canfora, has a ten point mission statement that includes both Kent State Shooting remembrances and promoting the importance of student social activism on and off campus.

Mary Ann Vecchio, who was standing right beside Jim Miller when he was shot comes to campus each spring to talk to students and shares these words:

I tell them it shows what can happen if the evildoers get too much power. They can take your freedom away. You could be walking to school, and what happened back then could happen to you

Barry Levine who was by the side of his girlfriend Allison Krause when she was killed teaches both the necessity and risks of challenging authority:

You need to be conscious of the fact that questioning authority anywhere can be a benign learning experience, or it can be dangerous, because a government is always going to act to preserve itself. But do I think it’s still vital to question authority? Always, from the beginning to the end of time.”

Arthur Krause, Allison Krause’s father, spoke often about how Kent State taught him the true cost of apathy:

I feel a great sense of guilt because I realized what was going on but didn’t do a damn thing about it. Like most Americans these days, we sit on the fence and depend on the lawyer, the church, and the government to do whatever should be done, but if the government doesn’t have the right people on the job, nothing will be done …. and we, the people, have to make the government good. Apathy will not be part of my make-up anymore. Apathy is what caused Kent State.

In memory of those who died and in gratefulness for those who lived, may we also say: “Apathy will not be part of our make-up anymore.”

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